Category:Harmonicon
From Dipluridae
| Harmonicon F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1896 |
|---|
| Systematic |
| Order: Araneae |
| Infraorder: Mygalomorphae |
| Family: Dipluridae |
| Subfamily: Diplurinae |
| Further information: |
| LSID: urn:lsid:amnh.org:spidergen:00033
|
N.B.: removed from the synonymy of Diplura C. L. Koch, 1850 by Maréchal & Marty, 1998, contra Raven, 1985a, but seemingly construed to include only the type species (Harmonicon rufescens) and one new species, as no mention was made of either Harmonicon nigridorsi Mello-Leitão, 1924 or Harmonicon riveti Simon, 1903 (Pseudohermachura Mello-Leitão, 1927 and Prosharmonicon Mello-Leitão, 1938 were confirmed as junior synonyms of Diplura rather than Harmonicon by Drolshagen & Bäckstam, 2011: 91); Harmonicum is an invalid emendation.
Contents |
Diagnosis
Harmonicon is one of the genera of the subfamily Diplurinae with a lyra prolaterally on the maxillae. It differs from Diplura by the shape of the lyra bristles (claviform in Diplura rather than hookshaped in Harmonicon), a more dense scopula on Ta I and II, the presence of a dense scopula in more than the apical third of pedipalpal tarsus, the presence of a scopula in the apical third of most leg metatarsi, and by the leg tarsi being pseudosegmented instead of showing only a few cracks. Harmonicon can be distinguished from Trechona by a less dense scopula on Ta III and IV, and by fewer lyra bristles arranged in a single row.
Key to the species of Harmonicon
1. Female or juvenile ..........2
– male ..........4
2. Tarsal claw of pedipalps with one row of teeth ..........3
– Tarsal claw of pedipalps with a double row of teeth ..........Harmonicon audeae
3. Fovea slightly recurved, not inverted U–shaped; approximately 30–40 maxillary
cuspules; posterior pair of sternal sigilla circular ..........Harmonicon rufescens
– Fovea strongly recurved, inverted U–shaped; approximately 40–50 maxillary
cuspules; posterior pair of sternal sigilla oval ..........Harmonicon oiapoqueae
4. Palpal organ long, bulbus narrow [PL(100)/BD = 251]; tubercle in basal
third of metatarsus I absent ..........Harmonicon audeae
– Palpal organ short, bulbus wide [PL(100)/BD = 147]; tubercle in basal third
of metatarsus I present ..........Harmonicon oiapoqueae
Species included
- Harmonicon audeae Maréchal & Marty, 1998 — French Guiana
- Harmonicon oiapoqueae Drolshagen & Bäckstam, 2011 - French Guiana
- Harmonicon rufescens F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 — Brazil
Remarks
Cambridge (1896) and Maréchal and Marty (1998) regarded the presence of five lyra bristles a key feature for the genus. Research on the development on the new species described here showed that younger specimens have fewer lyra bristles than fully grown ones. Therefore the number of lyra bristles should no longer be considered diagnostic for Harmonicon. Maréchal and Marty (1998) stated that the leg formula of 1423 (rather than 4123 as in Diplura and Trechona C.L. Koch, 1850), is also a key feature of the genus Harmonicon, but show a leg formula of 4123 for the female holotype of Harmonicon audeae. Cambridge (1896) was incorrect in stating that the holotype of Harmonicon rufescens is a female; it is in fact a juvenile male. Maréchal and Marty (1998) did not comment on the putative synonyms of Harmonicon, Pseudohermachura Mello-Leitão, 1927 and Prosharmonicon Mello-Leitão, 1938, as well as those species formerly assigned to Harmonicon: Harmonicon nigridorsi Mello-Leitão, 1924 and Harmonicon riveti Simon, 1903. Mello-Leitão (1927) described the monotypical genus Pseudohermachura from a single female specimen of the type species Pseudohermachura catharinensis Mello-Leitão, 1927 (holotype deposited in MPSP) and did not mention the presence of a lyra at all. Bücherl (1962) redescribed Pseudohermachura catharinensis and mentioned a lyra consisting of 7–10 claviform bristles. Mello-Leitão (1938) described the monotypical genus Prosharmonicon from a single female specimen of the type species Prosharmonicon maculatum Mello-Leitão, 1938 (holotype deposited in IBSP and destroyed in the fire of 2010) and explicitly mentioned claviform lyra bristles. We therefore consider Pseudohermachura and Prosharmonicon junior synonyms of Diplura and reject the synonymies with Harmonicon established by Bücherl (1962). Simon (1903) described Harmonicon riveti from a single male specimen, of which the palpal organ, distal part of Ti I and basal part of Mt I were later illustrated in Berland (1913): pl. 7, fig. 5–6. The illustrations show a palpal organ with a strongly curved apex of the embolus and a highly elevated tubercle laterally in the basal third of Mt I. The morphology of the palpal organ and the tubercle in the basal third of Mt I in (known) males is different in those species currently assigned to Harmonicon. Mello-Leitão (1924) described Harmonicon nigridorsi from a single female specimen, he explicitly mentioned claviform lyra bristles, which is also supported by the illustration in Mello-Leitão (1926): fig. 4. We therefore support the transfer of those two species to Diplura by Raven (1985).
References
- Berland, L. 1913: Araignées. In Mission du Service géographique de l'armée pour la mesure d'un arc du méridien équatorial en Amérique du Sud (1899-1906). Paris.
- Bücherl, W. 1962: Estudos sistemáticos sôbre aranhas caranguejeiras. I. Revisão dos gêneros Pseudohermachura Mello-Leitão 1927 (Ctenizidae, Ctenizinae, Nemesieae) e Prosharmonicon Mello-Leitão 1937 (Dipluridae, Diplurinae, Diplureae, Trechonini). Arq. Higiene Saúde Púb 27: 259-261.
- Cambridge, F. O. P.- 1896: on the Theraphosidae of the lower Amazons: being an account of the new genera and species of this group of spiders discovered during the expedition of the steamship "Faraday" up the river Amazons. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1896: 716-766.
- Drolshagen, B. & C.M. Bäckstam 2011: Notes on the genus Harmonicon F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1896 (Araneae, Dipluridae) with description of a new species from French Guyana. Zookeys 112: 89-96. PDF
- Maréchal, P. and C. Marty 1998: Réhabilitation du genre Harmonicon (Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) et description d'une nouvelle espèce de Guyana française (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Dipluridae). Zoosystema 20(3): 499-504.
- Mello-Leitão, C.F.D. 1923: Theraphosideas do Brasil. Rev. Mus. Paulista 13: 74-108.
- Mello-Leitão, C.F.D. 1924: Quelques arachnides nouveaux du Bresil. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 93: 179-187.
- Simon, E. 1903: Etudes arachnologiques. 34e Mémoire. LVI. Descriptions de deux espèces nouvelles de la famille des Avicularides recueillis dans l'Ecuador par M. le Dr Rivet et faisant partie des collections du Muséum de Paris. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 72: 314.
- Raven, R.J. 1985: The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 182: 1-180.
External links
http://species-id.net/wiki/Harmonicon
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